Unlocking the Future Innovative Blockchain Revenue
Sure, I can help you with that! Here's a soft article on "Blockchain Revenue Models," broken down into two parts as you requested.
The world is on the cusp of a digital revolution, and at its heart lies blockchain technology. Beyond its association with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, blockchain is a foundational technology poised to redefine how we generate, capture, and distribute value. As businesses and innovators explore its potential, a fascinating landscape of novel revenue models is emerging, moving far beyond traditional sales and subscriptions. We're witnessing the birth of economies built on transparency, decentralization, and the ingenious application of cryptographic principles. This shift isn't merely an incremental improvement; it's a paradigm change that demands a fresh look at how value is created and monetized in the digital age.
One of the most transformative revenue models revolves around tokenization. Think of tokens as digital representations of assets or utility. These can be tangible assets like real estate or art, or intangible ones like intellectual property or even future revenue streams. By tokenizing an asset, its ownership can be fractionalized, making it accessible to a much broader range of investors. For businesses, this unlocks new avenues for fundraising and liquidity. Instead of traditional equity rounds, companies can issue security tokens, which represent ownership stakes, or utility tokens, which grant access to a product or service. The revenue here isn't just from the initial sale of tokens; it can also be generated through transaction fees on secondary markets where these tokens are traded, a model akin to stock exchanges. Furthermore, ongoing revenue can be derived from smart contracts that automatically distribute a portion of profits or yield to token holders, creating a continuous revenue stream for both the issuer and the investors. This fractional ownership not only democratizes investment but also creates robust secondary markets, where trading volume translates directly into revenue for the platform facilitating these transactions. Imagine a film studio tokenizing a future movie’s box office revenue. Investors buy these tokens, providing upfront capital. The studio then generates revenue from ticket sales, and a pre-programmed smart contract automatically distributes a percentage of this revenue to token holders. The platform that enabled this token issuance and trading would earn fees on each transaction.
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) represents another seismic shift in revenue generation, directly leveraging the permissionless and transparent nature of blockchain. DeFi applications, built on smart contracts, aim to recreate traditional financial services like lending, borrowing, and trading without intermediaries. Revenue models in DeFi are diverse and often cyclical. Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs), for instance, generate revenue primarily through trading fees – a small percentage of each transaction executed on the platform. Liquidity providers, who deposit their assets into trading pools to facilitate these exchanges, also earn a share of these fees, incentivizing participation and ensuring market liquidity. Lending protocols earn fees by facilitating the borrowing and lending of cryptocurrencies. Borrowers pay interest on their loans, and a portion of this interest is distributed to lenders, while the protocol itself takes a small cut. The more activity on these platforms, the higher the revenue. Stablecoin issuers can generate revenue through various mechanisms, such as yield farming on the reserves backing their stablecoins or by charging fees for minting and redeeming their tokens. The beauty of DeFi is that it often aligns incentives perfectly: users who contribute to the network's liquidity or functionality are rewarded, and the protocols themselves generate revenue by facilitating these valuable interactions. This creates a self-sustaining ecosystem where growth directly translates into profitability for participants and developers.
The rise of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) has opened up entirely new frontiers for creative monetization, particularly in the digital realm. While often associated with digital art, NFTs are essentially unique digital certificates of ownership for any kind of asset, be it digital or physical. Revenue models here are multifaceted. The primary source of revenue is the initial sale of an NFT, where creators or rights holders can sell unique digital items directly to consumers. However, the innovation doesn't stop there. Secondary market royalties are a game-changer. Creators can embed a royalty percentage into the NFT's smart contract, ensuring they receive a commission on every subsequent resale of the NFT in perpetuity. This provides creators with a continuous stream of income that was previously impossible in traditional art or collectibles markets. Platforms that host NFT marketplaces, like OpenSea or Rarible, generate revenue through transaction fees on both primary and secondary sales, and sometimes through listing fees or premium services. Beyond art, NFTs are finding applications in gaming, where in-game assets can be tokenized, allowing players to truly own and trade their virtual items, creating play-to-earn economies. Musicians can sell limited edition tracks or concert tickets as NFTs, while brands can use them for loyalty programs or exclusive merchandise. The revenue potential lies in scarcity, ownership, and the ability to embed ongoing value and royalties into digital assets, creating novel economic loops.
Beyond these prominent examples, several other blockchain-powered revenue models are gaining traction. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), which are governed by smart contracts and community token holders, can implement various revenue-generating strategies. For example, a DAO focused on developing and maintaining a blockchain protocol could generate revenue through transaction fees on the network, or by selling access to premium features or data. A DAO that invests in other blockchain projects could generate revenue through the appreciation of its investment portfolio and dividends. Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) providers, like Amazon Managed Blockchain or Microsoft Azure Blockchain Service, offer cloud-based infrastructure for businesses to build and deploy their own blockchain applications. Their revenue model is typically subscription-based, charging clients for the use of their platform, computing resources, and support services. This is analogous to traditional cloud computing providers but tailored for the unique needs of blockchain development.
Furthermore, the underlying infrastructure of blockchain networks itself can be a source of revenue. Staking is a key mechanism in proof-of-stake (PoS) blockchains. Users can "stake" their cryptocurrency holdings to support the network's operations, validate transactions, and secure the network. In return, they receive rewards, typically in the form of newly minted tokens or transaction fees. This creates an incentive for holding and participating in the network, effectively turning users into stakeholders who earn revenue by contributing to the network's health and security. Similarly, in proof-of-work (PoW) systems, miners expend computational power to validate transactions and create new blocks, earning newly minted cryptocurrency and transaction fees as their reward. While often seen as a cost rather than a direct revenue model for the network itself, these activities are essential for its functioning and indirectly support the value of the native tokens. The scalability and efficiency of these underlying consensus mechanisms directly impact the transaction throughput and therefore the potential for transaction-based revenue for the entire ecosystem.
Finally, the advent of Web3 and its emphasis on decentralized applications (DApps) is fostering new models. DApps often require their own native tokens for governance, utility, or as a reward mechanism. These tokens can be used to access premium features within the DApp, pay for services, or participate in the DApp's governance. The DApp developers can generate revenue through the initial sale of these tokens, transaction fees within the DApp, or by holding a portion of the token supply which appreciates in value as the DApp gains traction. The key differentiator here is the potential for users to become stakeholders and beneficiaries of the DApp's success, a stark contrast to the traditional web where users are often the product. This shift towards user ownership and participation is fundamentally altering the revenue calculus for digital services, creating more equitable and potentially more lucrative ecosystems for all involved. The journey of blockchain revenue models is just beginning, and its impact will undoubtedly continue to unfold in exciting and unexpected ways.
Continuing our exploration into the dynamic world of blockchain revenue models, we delve deeper into the sophisticated mechanisms that are not only challenging traditional business paradigms but also creating entirely new economic ecosystems. The foundational principles of blockchain – decentralization, transparency, immutability, and programmability – are the fertile ground from which these innovative revenue streams sprout. As we move past the initial hype, a clearer picture emerges of sustainable and scalable business strategies built on these powerful technological underpinnings. The true genius lies in how these models create interlocking incentives, ensuring that growth in one area often fuels value creation in others, fostering robust and resilient digital economies.
One compelling area is the application of blockchain in enterprise solutions. While public blockchains like Ethereum are often in the spotlight, private and consortium blockchains are quietly revolutionizing supply chain management, identity verification, and inter-company settlements. Here, revenue models are often B2B-centric and focus on providing value through enhanced efficiency, security, and trust. Companies can leverage blockchain to create auditable and transparent supply chains, reducing fraud, waste, and manual reconciliation. The revenue for blockchain solution providers in this space can come from licensing fees for their blockchain software, implementation and consulting services to help businesses integrate blockchain into their existing operations, and ongoing subscription fees for maintaining and upgrading the network. For instance, a consortium of shipping companies might form a private blockchain to track goods from origin to destination. The blockchain platform provider could charge each participating company an annual fee for access and support. Another model involves charging transaction fees for specific operations on the blockchain, such as verifying a shipment's authenticity or processing a payment milestone. The immutability and shared ledger aspect of blockchain drastically reduces disputes and speeds up processes, offering tangible cost savings that justify the investment and generate recurring revenue for the blockchain provider. Furthermore, the data generated on these enterprise blockchains can be anonymized and aggregated to provide valuable market insights, creating a potential secondary revenue stream through data analytics services.
The concept of data monetization takes on a revolutionary dimension with blockchain. Traditionally, large tech companies have profited by collecting and selling user data. Blockchain offers a paradigm where individuals can have greater control over their data and even directly monetize it. Imagine a platform where users can opt-in to share specific data points (e.g., browsing habits, purchase history) with advertisers or researchers in exchange for cryptocurrency or tokens. The blockchain serves as a transparent and secure ledger for these data transactions, ensuring that users are compensated fairly and that data usage is auditable. The revenue for the platform in this model comes from a small percentage of the data transaction fees or by offering premium data analytics services to businesses that have legitimately acquired user consent. This shifts the power dynamic, allowing individuals to participate in the data economy, and creating a more ethical and user-centric approach to data monetization. Revenue streams can also emerge from providing secure and verifiable digital identity solutions on the blockchain. By allowing users to manage their digital identities securely, and granting controlled access to this information for various services, businesses can pay for verified identity proofs, while users retain control and potentially earn rewards for sharing their verified attributes.
In the realm of gaming and the metaverse, blockchain has birthed highly innovative revenue models, primarily through the integration of NFTs and cryptocurrencies. Play-to-Earn (P2E) games are a prime example. Players can earn in-game assets as NFTs or cryptocurrency by completing tasks, winning battles, or achieving milestones. These digital assets can then be traded on marketplaces, generating real-world value. Game developers and platform providers generate revenue through several avenues: initial sales of in-game assets and NFTs, transaction fees on in-game marketplaces, and percentages of player-to-player trades. Furthermore, developers can create a tiered economic system where players can invest in their gaming experience, for example, by purchasing powerful characters or virtual land as NFTs, with the expectation of future earnings or appreciation. The metaverse, as a broader concept of persistent, interconnected virtual worlds, offers even more expansive revenue opportunities. Virtual land sales, rental income from virtual properties, advertising within virtual spaces, and the creation and sale of virtual goods and experiences are all significant revenue streams. Blockchain, with its ability to provide verifiable ownership of digital assets (NFTs) and facilitate seamless transactions (cryptocurrencies), is the backbone of these emerging virtual economies. Companies building metaverse platforms can generate revenue through direct sales of virtual land and assets, or by taking a cut of transactions conducted within their worlds.
Decentralized Storage Networks are another innovative blockchain application generating revenue by offering an alternative to centralized cloud storage providers. Platforms like Filecoin or Storj incentivize individuals and organizations to rent out their unused hard drive space. Users looking to store data pay for this service, and the network rewards the storage providers with cryptocurrency for securely storing and serving the data. The revenue model is essentially a marketplace: the platform facilitates the connection between data providers and storage providers, taking a small transaction fee. This creates a more resilient, censorship-resistant, and potentially cheaper storage solution. The revenue is derived from the demand for storage and the competitive pricing among providers.
Beyond direct application development, the very protocols and infrastructure that power blockchain networks can generate revenue. Interoperability solutions, which aim to connect different blockchain networks, are becoming increasingly vital. Companies developing these bridges and cross-chain communication protocols can charge fees for enabling seamless asset and data transfer between disparate blockchains. This is crucial for unlocking the full potential of a multi-chain future, where different blockchains specialize in different functionalities. Revenue here is typically transaction-based, with a small fee applied to each cross-chain transfer. Similarly, blockchain analytics and security firms generate revenue by providing critical services to the ecosystem. They offer tools to monitor on-chain activity, detect fraudulent transactions, identify vulnerabilities in smart contracts, and provide market intelligence. Their business models are often based on subscription services for their dashboards and reports, or project-based fees for security audits.
Furthermore, the evolving landscape of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) continues to yield new revenue models. Yield farming aggregators automate the process of finding the highest-yield opportunities across various DeFi protocols, charging users a fee for their service and expertise. Insurance protocols built on blockchain are emerging to cover risks associated with DeFi, such as smart contract hacks or stablecoin de-pegging events. They generate revenue through premiums paid by users seeking coverage. The development of synthetic assets on blockchains, which track the price of real-world assets like stocks or commodities, opens up new trading and investment avenues, with protocols earning fees from the minting, trading, and liquidation of these synthetics. The constant innovation within DeFi means that new ways to generate yield and value are always being discovered, and the underlying blockchain infrastructure benefits from this increased economic activity.
Finally, the model of network participation and governance itself is a revenue generator. In many blockchain ecosystems, holding the network's native token grants users the right to participate in governance decisions. This can include voting on protocol upgrades, treasury management, or the allocation of development funds. While not directly revenue in the traditional sense for the token holder, it creates a vested interest in the network's success, driving demand for the token and indirectly creating value. For the core development teams or foundations, they may retain a portion of the initial token supply, which appreciates in value as the network grows and is adopted. This appreciation can then be used to fund ongoing development, marketing, and community initiatives, effectively creating a self-sustaining funding mechanism for the ecosystem. The ongoing innovation in these blockchain revenue models is a testament to the adaptability and transformative power of this technology. As the ecosystem matures, we can expect even more sophisticated and value-aligned ways to generate revenue, further solidifying blockchain's role in shaping the future economy.
The digital frontier, once a realm of science fiction, is rapidly becoming our reality, and at its vanguard stands blockchain technology. It’s more than just the engine behind cryptocurrencies; it’s a paradigm shift, a fundamental rethinking of how we store, transfer, and verify information. For the astute investor, this revolution presents an unprecedented opportunity, but it also demands a new kind of mindset – a "Blockchain Investment Mindset." This isn't about chasing quick gains or succumbing to the frenzied hype that often surrounds emerging technologies. Instead, it’s about cultivating a nuanced understanding, a strategic patience, and an adaptable approach that embraces both the immense potential and the inherent volatilities of this transformative space.
At its heart, blockchain is about trust, but it’s trust built into the system itself, not reliant on a central authority. Imagine a decentralized ledger, shared across a network of computers, where every transaction is recorded, encrypted, and immutably linked to the previous one. This distributed nature makes it incredibly secure, transparent, and resistant to tampering. This core innovation has the power to disrupt industries from finance and supply chain management to healthcare and voting systems. As an investor, grasping this fundamental principle of decentralization is paramount. It’s the bedrock upon which the value proposition of many blockchain projects is built. This means moving beyond the superficial allure of high-profile cryptocurrencies and digging into the underlying technology, the problem it solves, and the network effect it fosters.
Developing a blockchain investment mindset begins with education, a deep and continuous dive into the technology itself. This isn't about becoming a blockchain developer overnight, but about understanding the concepts: consensus mechanisms (like Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake), smart contracts, decentralized applications (dApps), and tokenomics. Tokenomics, in particular, is crucial. It refers to the economics of a cryptocurrency or token, encompassing its supply, distribution, utility, and incentive mechanisms. A well-designed tokenomics model can create scarcity, drive demand, and align the interests of all participants in the network, from developers to users to investors. Conversely, poorly designed tokenomics can lead to inflation, lack of utility, and ultimately, project failure. Therefore, a critical eye for tokenomics is a non-negotiable aspect of the blockchain investment mindset.
Furthermore, the blockchain space is characterized by rapid innovation and evolution. What seems cutting-edge today might be obsolete tomorrow. This necessitates an investor’s commitment to continuous learning. The landscape is littered with projects that failed to adapt, that clung to outdated models, or that were simply outmaneuvered by more agile competitors. A resilient investor embraces this dynamism. They understand that staying informed isn't a one-time task but an ongoing process of reading whitepapers, following reputable news sources, engaging with developer communities, and analyzing market trends. This commitment to lifelong learning is what separates the successful long-term investors from those who get burned by the inevitable market cycles and technological shifts.
The concept of "HODLing," or holding on for dear life, has become a popular mantra in the crypto space, often born out of a belief in the long-term potential of certain assets. While conviction is valuable, a true blockchain investment mindset transcends passive holding. It involves active engagement and informed decision-making. This means understanding when to rebalance a portfolio, when to take profits, and when to cut losses. It’s about recognizing that not all blockchain projects will succeed, and that diversification, even within the blockchain ecosystem, is a prudent strategy. This doesn't mean chasing every new ICO or airdrop; it means building a diversified portfolio based on thorough research and a clear understanding of each asset's role and risk profile.
Risk management is an indispensable pillar of the blockchain investment mindset. The volatility of digital assets is legendary. Prices can swing dramatically in short periods, driven by a confluence of factors including regulatory news, technological breakthroughs, macroeconomic trends, and even social media sentiment. A novice investor might be tempted to invest more than they can afford to lose, blinded by the potential for astronomical returns. However, the seasoned investor approaches blockchain investments with a clear understanding of the risks involved and employs strategies to mitigate them. This includes only investing capital that one is prepared to lose entirely, setting stop-loss orders where appropriate, and avoiding emotional decisions driven by fear or greed. Understanding your personal risk tolerance is the first step; implementing robust risk management strategies is the crucial next step.
Moreover, the regulatory environment surrounding blockchain and digital assets is still evolving. Governments worldwide are grappling with how to classify, regulate, and tax these new forms of value. This uncertainty can create significant price volatility and introduce new risks for investors. A blockchain investment mindset involves staying abreast of regulatory developments in key jurisdictions and understanding how potential regulations could impact specific assets or the market as a whole. This foresight allows investors to anticipate potential challenges and opportunities, rather than being caught off guard by sudden policy shifts. It's about understanding the broader ecosystem in which these digital assets operate, not just the technology in isolation.
The narrative around blockchain is often one of disruption and decentralization, promising a future where power is distributed and individuals have greater control over their data and assets. As an investor, it’s important to align your investments with projects that genuinely embody these principles and offer tangible solutions to real-world problems. This involves looking beyond the speculative aspects and focusing on projects that have a clear use case, a strong development team, a vibrant community, and a sustainable business model. Are they building decentralized applications that offer a superior user experience or a more efficient service? Are they creating novel solutions for identity management, supply chain transparency, or digital ownership? The more a project addresses a genuine need and demonstrates a path to adoption, the more compelling it becomes as a long-term investment.
Finally, a foundational element of the blockchain investment mindset is patience. Blockchain technology is still in its nascent stages, akin to the early days of the internet. Building a robust and widely adopted ecosystem takes time. Many of the most transformative technologies in history took years, even decades, to reach their full potential and deliver significant returns to early investors. Expecting overnight success in the blockchain space is a recipe for disappointment. Instead, cultivate a long-term perspective, focusing on the underlying technological advancements and the potential for future adoption. This patient approach allows you to weather market volatility, avoid impulsive decisions, and position yourself to benefit from the sustained growth and maturation of the blockchain ecosystem. It’s about believing in the long-term vision, even when the day-to-day fluctuations might suggest otherwise.
The journey into blockchain investing is not merely a financial endeavor; it is an intellectual and strategic undertaking that requires a cultivated mindset. Beyond the initial education and risk assessment, this mindset embraces a nuanced understanding of value creation, network effects, and the inherent challenges of decentralized systems. It’s about seeing beyond the immediate price charts and recognizing the profound, long-term implications of this disruptive technology. This cultivated approach allows investors to navigate the often-turbulent waters of the digital asset market with a degree of confidence and foresight.
One of the most powerful concepts that underpins successful blockchain investing is the understanding of network effects. Just as the value of a social media platform increases with each new user, the value of many blockchain networks grows as more participants join, contribute, and build upon them. For instance, a blockchain designed for decentralized finance (DeFi) becomes more valuable as more users deploy dApps, provide liquidity, and engage in transactions. Similarly, a blockchain for decentralized storage gains utility as more data is stored and retrieved from its network. As an investor, identifying projects with strong network effects is paramount. This involves scrutinizing user adoption rates, developer activity, and the ecosystem’s growth trajectory. A project with a small, isolated user base, even if technologically sound, is unlikely to achieve widespread adoption and significant long-term value. The blockchain investment mindset actively seeks out and invests in projects that exhibit virtuous cycles of growth, where increased utility leads to more users, which in turn leads to greater utility and further growth.
The concept of "utility" is also central to this mindset. In the blockchain space, tokens are not just speculative assets; they often represent a right, a service, or a share in a network. A strong blockchain investment mindset involves discerning the true utility of a token within its ecosystem. Does the token grant access to a service? Is it required for network participation or governance? Does it offer a stake in the underlying platform? Tokens that lack clear utility often rely solely on speculative demand, making them inherently riskier investments. Investors with a developed blockchain mindset are adept at differentiating between tokens that offer genuine value and those that are merely designed to capture speculative capital. This requires a deep dive into the project’s whitepaper, its roadmap, and its practical implementation. The more integrated a token is into the functioning and growth of its network, the more sustainable its value proposition is likely to be.
Furthermore, the blockchain investment mindset is characterized by a healthy skepticism, tempered with optimism. While the potential for blockchain is immense, it’s crucial to avoid falling prey to unfounded hype or utopian promises. Many projects will fail, not due to malicious intent, but due to technical challenges, poor execution, or a failure to gain traction. A discerning investor approaches new projects with a critical eye, asking tough questions about the team’s experience, their technical capabilities, their marketing strategies, and their long-term vision. Are they transparent about their development progress? Do they have a clear plan for addressing scalability and security challenges? Are they engaging with the broader community and actively seeking feedback? This balanced approach, recognizing both the revolutionary potential and the practical hurdles, is key to making sound investment decisions in this complex landscape.
The concept of "disintermediation" is another lens through which a blockchain investor views the world. Blockchain technology’s ability to remove intermediaries – banks, brokers, and other central authorities – is one of its most powerful applications. This can lead to reduced costs, increased efficiency, and greater transparency. As an investor, identifying opportunities where blockchain can effectively disintermediate traditional industries is a strategic advantage. Consider the potential for decentralized identity solutions to give individuals more control over their personal data, or for blockchain-based platforms to streamline cross-border payments, bypassing traditional correspondent banking networks. The blockchain investment mindset is attuned to these disintermediation opportunities, recognizing the significant market potential when established industries are disrupted by more efficient, decentralized alternatives.
Understanding the nuances of governance within decentralized networks is also a critical component. Many blockchain projects have moved towards decentralized governance models, where token holders have a say in the future development and direction of the protocol. This can range from voting on protocol upgrades to deciding how treasury funds are allocated. For an investor, this aspect is vital because it directly impacts the long-term viability and evolution of the project. A project with robust and engaged decentralized governance is more likely to adapt to changing market conditions and community needs. Conversely, a project with a centralized governance structure, or one where token holders are disengaged, might stagnate or make decisions that are not in the best interest of the network's overall health. The blockchain investment mindset seeks out projects with well-designed governance mechanisms that foster community participation and ensure long-term sustainability.
The interplay between innovation and regulation presents a constant challenge and opportunity in the blockchain space. While innovation often outpaces regulatory frameworks, a forward-thinking investor anticipates and adapts to regulatory shifts. This doesn't mean avoiding the space altogether, but rather understanding the potential impact of new rules and policies. For example, regulatory clarity on stablecoins could significantly impact their adoption and utility. Similarly, evolving regulations around security tokens could reshape how fractional ownership of assets is managed. A developed blockchain investment mindset involves staying informed about these developments and assessing how they might affect specific investments. It’s about approaching the regulatory landscape not as a roadblock, but as a dynamic element that shapes the market and can create new avenues for growth or introduce new risks to manage.
The concept of "long-term value accrual" is perhaps the most defining characteristic of a mature blockchain investment mindset. While speculative trading can yield short-term gains, sustainable wealth creation in this sector is built on identifying projects with the potential to generate lasting value over years and decades. This involves a deep understanding of the project’s fundamental strengths: its technology, its team, its community, its economic model, and its vision. It’s about believing in the transformative power of blockchain to reshape industries and create new economic paradigms. This long-term perspective allows investors to ignore the daily noise and volatility, focusing instead on the fundamental growth and adoption of the underlying technology and its applications. It’s about investing in the future, not just trading in the present.
Finally, a crucial element of the blockchain investment mindset is adaptability and resilience. The blockchain space is inherently experimental. Not every project will succeed, and the technology itself is still evolving. Investors must be prepared for setbacks, for the obsolescence of certain technologies, and for the unpredictable nature of this frontier. This means being willing to re-evaluate your positions, to learn from mistakes, and to pivot your strategy when necessary. The ability to adapt to new information, to embrace emerging trends, and to maintain a level head amidst uncertainty is what truly distinguishes successful blockchain investors. It's a journey of continuous learning, strategic risk-taking, and an unwavering belief in the transformative potential of this digital revolution. The blockchain investment mindset is not static; it’s a dynamic and evolving philosophy for navigating one of the most exciting and consequential technological shifts of our time.