Unlocking Financial Freedom Your Guide to Earning
The allure of passive income is undeniable. It’s the dream of financial independence, where your earnings aren't directly tied to the hours you spend working. Imagine waking up to find your wealth has grown, not because you put in more effort, but because your existing assets are diligently working for you behind the scenes. For decades, this dream was largely confined to traditional investments like real estate rentals or dividend-paying stocks. But in the rapidly evolving landscape of digital finance, a new frontier has opened up, offering even more dynamic and accessible avenues for generating passive income: cryptocurrency.
The world of crypto, often shrouded in mystery and technical jargon, is far more than just a volatile speculative market. Beneath the surface of daily price swings lies a sophisticated ecosystem of decentralized technologies designed to empower individuals and create new financial opportunities. At its core, cryptocurrency represents a paradigm shift, moving away from centralized control and towards peer-to-peer networks. This fundamental principle fuels many of the passive income strategies that have emerged, allowing individuals to participate directly in the growth and utility of these digital assets.
So, what exactly is passive income in the context of crypto? It refers to earning returns on your cryptocurrency holdings without actively trading or managing them on a day-to-day basis. Think of it as planting seeds: you invest your crypto, and over time, with the right conditions, it grows and yields a harvest of additional crypto. This is a stark contrast to active trading, which requires constant monitoring of market trends, technical analysis, and a significant time commitment. Passive income, on the other hand, aims to automate and optimize your earnings, allowing you to benefit from the inherent value and functionality of blockchain technology.
One of the most accessible and widely adopted methods for earning passive income with crypto is staking. In essence, staking is the process of holding a certain amount of cryptocurrency in a wallet to support the operations of a blockchain network. Many blockchains, particularly those using a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism, rely on validators to process transactions and secure the network. By staking your coins, you are essentially lending your computing power or capital to these networks. In return for your contribution, you are rewarded with more of the same cryptocurrency, often expressed as an Annual Percentage Yield (APY).
Think of it like earning interest in a savings account, but with a twist. Instead of a bank holding your money, you're directly supporting a decentralized network. The rewards can vary significantly depending on the specific cryptocurrency, the network's demand for stakers, and the total amount staked. Some of the popular cryptocurrencies that offer staking rewards include Ethereum (ETH) after its transition to Proof-of-Stake, Cardano (ADA), Solana (SOL), and Polkadot (DOT). The beauty of staking is its relative simplicity. Once you’ve acquired the cryptocurrency, you can delegate your coins to a staking pool or run your own validator (though the latter requires more technical expertise and capital). This allows you to earn rewards passively while your initial investment remains largely intact. However, it's important to understand that while staking is generally considered less risky than active trading, it's not risk-free. The value of your staked assets can still fluctuate with the overall market, and there might be lock-up periods during which you cannot access your staked funds.
Another powerful strategy for generating passive income in the crypto space is crypto lending. This involves lending out your cryptocurrency holdings to borrowers through centralized platforms or decentralized protocols. In return for lending your assets, you earn interest on them. These platforms act as intermediaries, connecting lenders (you) with borrowers who need to access crypto for various reasons, such as margin trading or shorting.
Centralized lending platforms, like Nexo or BlockFi (though the landscape of these has seen shifts), operate similarly to traditional financial institutions. You deposit your crypto, and they manage the lending process, offering you a fixed or variable interest rate. These platforms often provide a user-friendly interface and may offer attractive interest rates. However, they also come with counterparty risk, meaning you are entrusting your assets to a third party. If the platform were to face financial difficulties or a security breach, your funds could be at risk.
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) has revolutionized crypto lending with the advent of decentralized lending protocols like Aave, Compound, and MakerDAO. In DeFi, lending and borrowing happen directly between peers through smart contracts, eliminating the need for an intermediary. You can deposit your crypto into a lending pool, and borrowers can then access these funds by providing collateral. The interest rates are typically determined by supply and demand within the protocol. DeFi lending offers greater transparency and control, as you retain custody of your private keys. However, it can have a steeper learning curve and requires a good understanding of smart contracts and associated risks, such as smart contract vulnerabilities and impermanent loss in certain liquidity provision scenarios. The interest rates earned through lending can be quite competitive, especially for less common or in-demand cryptocurrencies. It's a way to put your idle crypto assets to work and generate a steady stream of income.
As we delve deeper into the realm of passive income with crypto, we encounter yield farming and liquidity providing. These strategies, often found within the DeFi ecosystem, are more advanced and generally offer higher potential returns, but also come with increased complexity and risk.
Yield farming involves actively seeking out the highest possible yields across various DeFi protocols. This often means moving your crypto assets between different platforms and strategies to maximize your returns. A common form of yield farming involves liquidity providing. In decentralized exchanges (DEXs) like Uniswap, SushiSwap, or PancakeSwap, users can provide pairs of cryptocurrencies to a liquidity pool. These pools are essential for enabling trades on the DEX. When users trade against a liquidity pool, they pay trading fees, and these fees are then distributed proportionally among the liquidity providers.
So, if you provide liquidity for the ETH/USDT trading pair, you’ll earn a portion of the trading fees generated whenever someone swaps ETH for USDT or vice-versa on that particular DEX. This can generate a steady stream of passive income from transaction fees. However, there’s a crucial risk to be aware of when providing liquidity: impermanent loss. Impermanent loss occurs when the price of the deposited assets diverges from each other. If you provide liquidity for two assets, and the price of one asset increases significantly relative to the other, the value of your holdings in the pool might be less than if you had simply held those assets separately in your wallet. The loss is "impermanent" because if the prices return to their original ratio, the loss disappears. However, if you withdraw your liquidity while the prices have diverted, the loss becomes permanent.
Yield farming strategies can also involve staking your LP (liquidity provider) tokens in yield farms to earn additional rewards, often in the form of governance tokens of the DeFi protocol. This layering of rewards can amplify your passive income significantly. However, the complexity of managing multiple protocols, understanding intricate smart contract interactions, and the constant risk of impermanent loss and smart contract exploits make yield farming a strategy best suited for experienced crypto users who are comfortable with a higher risk tolerance. It's a high-octane form of passive income, demanding a keen eye for opportunity and a robust understanding of the DeFi landscape.
The world of crypto passive income is vast and continually evolving. While staking, lending, and liquidity providing represent some of the most prominent strategies, other avenues are emerging. These include earning rewards from faucets (small amounts of crypto for completing tasks, though rarely a significant passive income source), participating in airdrops (receiving free tokens for holding certain cryptos or using specific platforms), and even exploring decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) where holding governance tokens can sometimes provide passive rewards.
As you navigate these opportunities, remember that due diligence is paramount. Each strategy carries its own set of risks, from market volatility and smart contract vulnerabilities to regulatory uncertainty and platform security. Understanding these risks, diversifying your portfolio, and only investing what you can afford to lose are fundamental principles for anyone looking to build sustainable passive income streams in the crypto space. The journey towards financial freedom with crypto is an exciting one, filled with innovation and the potential for significant rewards, but it demands knowledge, caution, and a strategic approach.
Continuing our exploration into the dynamic world of earning passive income with cryptocurrency, it’s vital to understand that the strategies we’ve touched upon—staking, lending, and liquidity providing—are just the tip of the iceberg. The decentralized nature of blockchain technology fosters an environment of constant innovation, leading to new and often more complex ways to generate returns on your digital assets. While the allure of high yields is undeniable, it’s equally important to approach these opportunities with a clear understanding of the associated risks and the required level of technical engagement.
Beyond the foundational methods, consider the emerging space of yield aggregators. These platforms are designed to simplify yield farming by automatically moving your funds between different DeFi protocols to find the best yields. They essentially act as automated strategists, optimizing your crypto assets for maximum returns without you needing to constantly monitor and manually rebalance your positions. Popular examples include Yearn Finance (YFI) and Harvest Finance. The appeal here is the automation and potential for compounding returns. However, it’s crucial to remember that these aggregators are still reliant on underlying DeFi protocols, meaning they inherit the risks associated with those protocols, including smart contract vulnerabilities and impermanent loss. The fees charged by aggregators also need to be factored into the overall profitability.
Another avenue, albeit more niche and often requiring a higher degree of technical understanding, is running masternodes. Masternodes are special nodes on certain blockchain networks that perform enhanced functions beyond validating transactions. These functions can include instant transactions, increased privacy features, or the ability to participate in decentralized governance. In exchange for providing these services and often locking up a significant amount of the network’s native cryptocurrency as collateral, masternode operators are rewarded with a share of the network’s block rewards.
The entry barrier for masternodes can be substantial, often requiring a substantial capital investment in the specific cryptocurrency and a good grasp of server management and technical setup. However, for those who can meet the requirements, masternodes can offer a relatively stable and predictable passive income stream, often with higher yields than traditional staking. It’s important to research the specific cryptocurrency and its masternode requirements thoroughly, as the profitability can be influenced by the number of active masternodes and the network’s overall performance.
For those with an entrepreneurial spirit and a creative flair, creating and selling NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) can also be a path to passive income, though it’s more of an active-then-passive model. While the initial creation and marketing of NFTs require significant effort, once an NFT is minted and listed, it can generate royalties on secondary sales. This means that every time your NFT is resold on a marketplace, you automatically receive a percentage of the sale price. This royalty mechanism is programmed into the smart contract of the NFT, allowing for a truly passive revenue stream from your creative work.
This strategy is particularly appealing to artists, musicians, designers, and content creators. The success of an NFT depends heavily on its uniqueness, artistic merit, perceived value, and the artist's ability to build a community and market their work effectively. While the NFT market can be highly speculative, the royalty feature offers a tangible way to earn passive income from digital assets that you have created. It’s a blend of creativity, marketing acumen, and an understanding of blockchain technology.
Furthermore, the burgeoning field of play-to-earn (P2E) gaming has opened up new possibilities for passive income, often through in-game assets and virtual land. In many P2E games, players can earn cryptocurrency or NFTs by playing the game, completing tasks, or achieving certain milestones. These in-game assets can then be rented out to other players who wish to use them to earn rewards themselves, or they can be sold on marketplaces.
For instance, in games like Axie Infinity (though its landscape has evolved), players could breed and train digital creatures (Axies) and then rent them out to other players who would then battle them and share the profits. Similarly, owning virtual land in metaverse platforms like Decentraland or The Sandbox can generate passive income through rentals or by hosting virtual events and experiences. This model transforms digital real estate into a revenue-generating asset. It's a unique intersection of gaming, cryptocurrency, and digital ownership, offering a gamified approach to passive income generation. However, the sustainability of P2E economies and the value of in-game assets can be highly dependent on the game's popularity, player base, and ongoing development.
When considering any of these passive income strategies, a few fundamental principles are essential for success and security. Firstly, education is your most potent tool. Before diving in, invest time in understanding the technology, the specific cryptocurrency, the protocol, and the risks involved. Read whitepapers, follow reputable crypto news sources, and engage with community forums to gain a comprehensive understanding. Never invest in something you don't fully comprehend.
Secondly, risk management is non-negotiable. The crypto market is inherently volatile. Prices can surge dramatically, but they can also plummet with little warning. Diversify your holdings across different assets and strategies to mitigate risk. Only invest capital that you can afford to lose entirely, and never borrow money to invest in crypto. Implementing stop-loss orders (if trading actively, which we are trying to avoid for passive income but can be a risk management tool) or simply having a long-term perspective can help weather market downturns.
Thirdly, security is paramount. The crypto world has unfortunately attracted its share of malicious actors. Protect your digital assets by using strong, unique passwords, enabling two-factor authentication (2FA) on all your accounts, and considering hardware wallets for storing significant amounts of cryptocurrency offline. Be wary of phishing scams and unsolicited offers that promise unusually high returns – if it sounds too good to be true, it almost certainly is.
Fourthly, understand the tax implications. In many jurisdictions, cryptocurrency earnings, including passive income, are taxable events. Familiarize yourself with your local tax laws and keep detailed records of your transactions to ensure compliance. Consulting with a tax professional experienced in cryptocurrency is highly recommended.
Finally, patience and a long-term perspective are key. Building substantial passive income with crypto is rarely an overnight success story. It requires consistent effort in research, strategic deployment of capital, and the discipline to ride out market fluctuations. Think of it as nurturing a digital garden; it requires careful planting, consistent watering, and the patience to watch it grow.
The journey to earning passive income with crypto is an exciting and empowering one. By understanding the various strategies, their potential rewards, and their inherent risks, you can begin to chart a course towards greater financial autonomy. Whether you're drawn to the simplicity of staking, the steady returns of lending, the potential of yield farming, or the unique opportunities in NFTs and P2E gaming, the crypto world offers a diverse toolkit for wealth creation. Embrace the learning process, manage your risks wisely, and take confident steps towards unlocking your financial freedom in the digital age.
The digital revolution has ushered in an era where knowledge is not just power, but potentially, a significant source of income. Among the most dynamic and rapidly evolving fields is cryptocurrency. What once seemed like a niche playground for tech enthusiasts and early adopters has exploded into a global phenomenon, reshaping finance, art, and even social interaction. For those who have delved into this fascinating realm, possessing an understanding of blockchain technology, digital currencies, decentralized finance (DeFi), and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) is no longer just a hobby; it's a valuable asset. The question is, how do you systematically translate this acquired knowledge into tangible financial gain?
The journey begins with recognizing the inherent value of your expertise. In a landscape often characterized by complex jargon and rapidly shifting trends, clarity and comprehension are at a premium. Many individuals and businesses are eager to learn but lack the time or inclination to navigate the intricacies themselves. This is where you, armed with your crypto knowledge, can step in. The key is to identify specific areas where your understanding can solve problems, educate others, or provide unique insights, and then to package and deliver that value in a way that attracts a paying audience.
One of the most accessible avenues is content creation. The demand for high-quality, digestible information about cryptocurrency is immense. This can take many forms:
Blogging and Article Writing: If you have a knack for explaining complex topics clearly, starting a blog or contributing articles to established crypto publications can be incredibly rewarding. Focus on specific niches – perhaps the technical underpinnings of a particular blockchain, the economic models of DeFi protocols, the artistic significance of NFTs, or practical guides for beginners. Monetization can come through advertising revenue, affiliate marketing (promoting crypto exchanges, wallets, or related services), sponsored content, or even direct sales of premium content or e-books. The more specialized and insightful your content, the higher your potential earning power. Think about a series of articles that demystifies smart contracts for small business owners, or a deep dive into the tokenomics of a promising new altcoin. Video Production and YouTube: Visual content is king, and a well-produced YouTube channel or video series can attract a massive audience. You can create explainer videos, market analysis, tutorials on using crypto platforms, interviews with industry leaders, or even reviews of new projects. Engagement is crucial here, so focus on building a community, interacting with your viewers in the comments, and creating content that resonates with their needs and interests. Monetization strategies include YouTube ads, sponsorships from crypto projects, Patreon or similar platforms for fan support, and selling merchandise or courses. Imagine a series breaking down the latest Ethereum upgrade for the average user, or a weekly market recap that offers a unique perspective. Podcast Creation: For those who prefer an audio medium, a podcast can be a powerful tool. You can host discussions on crypto news, interview experts, or provide in-depth analyses. Podcasts are highly portable and can be consumed during commutes or other downtime, making them popular. Revenue streams are similar to YouTube, including sponsorships, affiliate marketing, and listener support. A podcast that brings together developers, investors, and users for nuanced discussions on the future of decentralized technology could stand out. Social Media Influence: Platforms like Twitter (X), Reddit, and Discord are hotbeds for crypto discussions. By consistently sharing valuable insights, engaging in thoughtful debates, and building a following, you can become an influencer. This opens doors for sponsored posts, paid promotions, and advisory roles. Building trust and credibility is paramount in this space, as the crypto community is often wary of scams and misinformation.
Beyond content creation, education and training represent another lucrative path for crypto-savvy individuals. The steep learning curve of this industry means there's a perpetual demand for skilled educators.
Online Courses and Workshops: Develop comprehensive online courses or live workshops that teach specific aspects of cryptocurrency. This could range from beginner's guides to advanced trading strategies, smart contract development, or NFT creation and marketing. Platforms like Udemy, Teachable, or even your own branded website can host these. The key is to structure your curriculum logically, provide practical examples, and offer ongoing support to your students. A course titled "Navigating the DeFi Landscape: From Yield Farming to Liquidity Pools" or "The Art and Business of NFTs: Minting, Marketing, and Monetization" could attract significant interest. One-on-One Coaching and Consulting: For individuals or businesses seeking personalized guidance, one-on-one coaching or consulting services can be highly valuable. You could help individuals craft their investment strategies, guide businesses on how to integrate blockchain technology, or advise NFT artists on their launch strategies. This often commands a higher hourly rate due to the bespoke nature of the service. Imagine offering a consultation package to help a small e-commerce business explore tokenizing loyalty points. Corporate Training: Many traditional companies are now exploring the potential of blockchain and cryptocurrencies. Offering training sessions to corporate teams can be a lucrative venture. You can educate executives and employees on the fundamentals of the technology, its potential applications, and the associated risks and opportunities.
Furthermore, your understanding of crypto can be leveraged through more specialized services.
Community Management: Many crypto projects, especially those in the DeFi and NFT spaces, rely heavily on community engagement to thrive. If you have strong communication skills and a deep understanding of the project's ethos, you can offer services as a community manager for these projects, fostering a positive and active user base on platforms like Discord and Telegram. Technical Writing and Documentation: The technical nature of blockchain necessitates clear and accurate documentation. If you possess technical writing skills and a solid grasp of crypto concepts, you can offer services to projects needing whitepapers, technical documentation, or API guides. Translation and Localization: As the crypto space becomes increasingly global, there's a growing need for accurate translation of content and platforms into various languages. If you are multilingual and knowledgeable in crypto, this can be a valuable service.
Finally, the most direct way to capitalize on crypto knowledge is through active and passive investing and trading.
Cryptocurrency Trading: For those with a strong analytical mind and a tolerance for risk, trading cryptocurrencies can be a direct income generator. This requires deep knowledge of market analysis (technical and fundamental), risk management, and understanding of various trading strategies. It's crucial to approach trading with a well-defined strategy and not simply gamble. DeFi Yield Farming and Staking: Decentralized finance offers numerous opportunities for generating passive income. By staking your cryptocurrencies (locking them up to support a network and earning rewards) or participating in yield farming (providing liquidity to decentralized exchanges and earning fees and token rewards), you can earn a return on your digital assets. This, however, involves understanding smart contract risks and impermanent loss. NFT Flipping and Royalties: The NFT market, while volatile, presents opportunities for profit. Buying NFTs at a lower price and selling them at a higher one ("flipping") is one strategy. Another is to create NFTs and earn royalties on secondary sales, a passive income stream that can be sustained as long as your creations remain desirable.
The overarching principle is to identify a genuine need within the crypto ecosystem and offer a solution powered by your knowledge. It's about becoming a trusted source of information, a skilled facilitator, or a shrewd participant in the market. The beauty of the crypto space is its decentralized nature, which often rewards innovation and expertise. As you explore these avenues, remember that continuous learning is paramount. The crypto world is in constant flux, and staying ahead requires dedication to understanding new technologies, emerging trends, and evolving market dynamics. Your journey from crypto knowledge to income is an exciting and potentially lucrative one, but it demands diligence, strategic thinking, and a commitment to providing real value.
Building upon the foundation of knowledge and exploring diverse income streams, the next critical phase involves refining your approach, leveraging technology, and understanding the nuances of financial strategy within the cryptocurrency domain. It’s not enough to simply know about crypto; success lies in the application of that knowledge in a way that is both sustainable and scalable. This section delves deeper into advanced strategies, the importance of personal branding, the role of community, and the essential practice of risk management, all aimed at maximizing your earning potential.
Advanced Strategies and Specialization:
As you gain more experience, you'll discover that specialization can dramatically increase your earning potential. Instead of being a generalist, consider becoming an expert in a specific niche.
Smart Contract Auditing: The security of smart contracts is paramount in DeFi and beyond. If you have a strong background in programming (especially Solidity for Ethereum-based contracts) and a keen eye for vulnerabilities, offering smart contract auditing services is a highly sought-after and well-compensated skill. This involves meticulously reviewing code to identify potential bugs, exploits, and security flaws before they can be exploited. Projects are willing to pay top dollar for reputable auditors to protect their users and their capital. Tokenomics Design and Consulting: The economic model of a cryptocurrency or token is its backbone. Understanding how to design sustainable tokenomics – the distribution, supply, utility, and incentive mechanisms of a token – is crucial for project success. If you can analyze and advise on tokenomics, you can offer valuable consulting services to new and existing crypto projects, helping them build robust and attractive economic systems that foster long-term growth and adoption. Blockchain Development and dApp Creation: If you possess coding skills, you can directly contribute to building the future of the decentralized web. Developing decentralized applications (dApps), contributing to open-source blockchain projects, or creating custom blockchain solutions for businesses can be a direct and highly lucrative form of income. This requires significant technical expertise but offers immense potential. NFT Strategy and Curation: The NFT market is evolving beyond just digital art. As utility-based NFTs gain traction (e.g., for ticketing, access, gaming assets), there's a growing need for strategic guidance. You could consult on NFT project development, advise artists and brands on their NFT launches, or even act as a curator for digital art platforms, identifying promising talent and trends.
The Power of Personal Branding and Networking:
In any field, but particularly in a new and often speculative one like crypto, a strong personal brand is invaluable.
Build Credibility and Trust: Consistently providing accurate, insightful, and well-researched information is the bedrock of a strong brand. Be transparent about your experiences, including both successes and failures. When you make a mistake, own it and explain what you learned. This authenticity builds trust, which is currency in the crypto world. Strategic Networking: Engage actively in crypto communities online and, if possible, at conferences and meetups. Connect with other knowledgeable individuals, project developers, investors, and potential clients. Networking isn't just about making contacts; it's about building genuine relationships. Offer help, share insights, and be a valuable contributor to discussions. Many opportunities arise organically through strong professional networks. Showcase Your Work: Whether it's a blog, a YouTube channel, a portfolio of articles, or a successful trading strategy you've documented, make your expertise visible. This serves as a tangible demonstration of your capabilities to potential clients, employers, or collaborators.
Leveraging Technology and Tools:
The crypto landscape is rife with sophisticated tools that can enhance your ability to generate income.
Data Analytics Platforms: Tools like Glassnode, Nansen, CoinMetrics, and Dune Analytics provide deep on-chain data and insights. Understanding how to interpret this data can give you an edge in trading, investment analysis, and content creation, allowing you to offer unique perspectives and make more informed decisions. Trading Bots and Automation: For those involved in active trading, understanding and potentially utilizing trading bots can automate strategies and execute trades based on predefined parameters. However, this requires a sophisticated understanding of both the bot's capabilities and the underlying market dynamics to avoid significant losses. Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs): As DAOs become more prevalent, participating in them can offer opportunities. Some DAOs have treasuries that fund contributors for various tasks, from development to marketing and governance. Becoming an active and valuable member of a DAO could lead to compensation.
Mastering Financial Management and Risk Mitigation:
Perhaps the most critical element of turning crypto knowledge into income is prudent financial management and a robust approach to risk.
Diversification: Never put all your eggs in one basket. This applies to your income streams, your investments, and even the platforms you use. Diversifying your efforts across content creation, consulting, and investing can create a more resilient financial model. Similarly, in your investment portfolio, diversifying across different cryptocurrencies and asset classes can mitigate the impact of any single asset's downturn. Risk Assessment and Management: Every venture in crypto carries risk, from market volatility to smart contract exploits and regulatory changes. Before engaging in any activity, clearly assess the potential risks and implement strategies to mitigate them. This includes thorough research, understanding the technology, setting stop-losses for trades, and never investing more than you can afford to lose. Taxation and Compliance: As your income grows, understanding the tax implications in your jurisdiction is vital. Crypto earnings are often taxable, and failing to comply can lead to severe penalties. Stay informed about relevant regulations and consider consulting with a tax professional specializing in digital assets. Security Best Practices: Protecting your digital assets is paramount. Use strong, unique passwords, enable two-factor authentication (2FA) on all your accounts, store significant amounts of crypto in secure hardware wallets, and be constantly vigilant against phishing scams and malicious actors. Losing your assets to a hack or scam can negate any income earned.
The journey from crypto knowledge to income is an ongoing process of learning, adapting, and applying your expertise strategically. It’s about identifying the points of intersection between what you know and what the burgeoning crypto ecosystem needs. Whether you choose to educate, build, analyze, or invest, the underlying principle remains the same: deliver tangible value. By honing your skills, building a strong reputation, leveraging the right tools, and managing risk with discipline, you can transform your understanding of this revolutionary technology into a sustainable and prosperous income. The digital frontier is vast, and for those with the knowledge and the drive, the opportunities to profit are as expansive as the blockchain itself.